Jatropha plantation

Method of Jatropha cultivation should be chosen on the basis of maximum survival rates and intended utilization of plantation

1. For quick establishment of hedges and plantation for erosion control, directly planted cuttings are best.

2. For long-lived plantations for vegetative oil production, plants propagated by seeds are better.

3. With better rainfall conditions, the plantations could also be established by direct seeding.

Direct seeding, pre-cultivation of seedlings, easily propagates the Jatropha transplanting of spontaneous wild plants and direct planting of cuttings. Seed should be collected when capsules split open. Use of fresh seeds improves germination. Intervals of pre-soaking and drying, or partial removal of the testa, are more successful than pre-soaking alone. With good moisture conditions, germination takes 10 days. The seed shell splits, the radicula emerges and 4 small peripheral roots are formed. Soon after development of the 1st leaves, the cotyledons wither and fall off.

Climate

Jatropha can withstand severe heat. Likes heating and doing well in warmer areas. In colder areas, it can survive light frost after shedding but not for prolonged periods. The older the tree the better it will withstand the climatic variances & extremes. Black frost will almost certainly kill young plants and severely damage older plants

Quality of the soil

Best in sandy well-drained soils. Can withstand very poor soils and grow in saline conditions All the actors in the Jatropha sector suggest, anyway, using organic fertilizer enhances growth thus helps obtain higher yield.

Irrigation

It handles dryness very well and this plant can possibly live almost entirely of humidity in the air. Differences are expressed in what is optimum rainfall as some readings say 600 mm and some say 800 mm whilst some areas in India report good crops with rainfall of 1380 mm. Under irrigation 1500 mm is given.

500 - 600 mm of rainfall is the limit. Below it, the production depends on the local water condition in the ground. It will also stand for long periods without water - up to 2 years – and then grow again when rains occur again.

Weeding

Standard cultural practices are timely weeding (4 times a year), proper fertilization, surface ploughing and pruning. With these management practices a yield around 15-20 kg of fruit per tree can be obtained even if the plants did not reach full maturity.

Use of fertilizer

Although Jatropha is adapted to low fertility sites and alkaline soils, better yields seem to be obtained on poor quality soils if fertilizers containing small amounts of calcium, magnesium, and Sulfur are used. It is recommended that 1 kg of farmyard manure/ plus 100 g of Neem waste for every seedling, with a recommendation of 2500 plants per ha this comes up to 2.5 t organic fertilizer per ha.

Besides,it after transplantation and the establishment of the plant fertilizer such as N, P and K should be applied. Twenty gram urea + 120 g SSP and 16 g MoP should be applied annually. The possibility to return the press-cake (or part of it) to Jatropha fields should be carefully considered.

Crop density

References recommend spacing for hedgerows or soil conservation is 15cm - 25cm x 15cm-25cm in one or two rows respectively and 2m x 1.5m to 3m x 3mm for plantations. Thus there will be between 4,000 to 6,700 plants per km for a single hedgerow and double that when two rows are planted.

Satisfactory planting widths are 2 x 2 m, 2.5 x 2.5 m, and 3 x 3 m. This is equivalent to crop densities of 2500, 1600 and 1111 plants/ha, respectively.

Distance of 2m x2m should be maintained for commercial production

Wider spacing is reported to give larger yields of fruit.

Pruning

Pruning – 1st prune

The plants need to produce side shoots for maximum sprouting and maximum flowers and seed. Between 90 and 120 Days top of all plants at 25 Cm. Cut the top off cleanly and cut top to produce 8 – 12 side branches.

It is considered good practice. In order to facilitate the harvesting, it is suggested to keep the tree less than 2 meters.

Inter-cropping

Specific intolerance with other crops is not detected. On the contrary the shade from this plant can be exploited by shade-loving herbal plants; vegetables such red and green peppers, tomatoes, etc.

CROP YIELD

It appears very difficult to estimate unequivocally the yield of a plant that is able to grow in very different conditions.

Yield is a function of water, nutrients, heat and the age of the plant and other. Many different methods of establishment, farming and harvesting are possible. Yield can be enhanced with right balance of cost, yield, labor and finally cost per meter

Seed production ranges from about 2 tons per hectare per year to over 12.5t/ha/year, after five years of growth. Although not clearly specified, this range in production may be attributable to low and high rainfall areas.

AGRIPLUS[agri+]

Thiis information is from Q & A forum of http://www.agricultureinformation.com

If you need more information on the same, do mail us & if you are posting questions on 'Comments' section, kindly unblock your profile so that we can reply you by email. Thanks.

Biodiesel

Jatropha for Biodiesel

This little known plant called "Jatropha Curcas" it all set to be used as a source of oil and has been/ is being used for making biodiesel and the production of electricity using biodiesel as a fuel.

Running engines on vegetable oil is nothing new... did you know that Rudolf Diesel originally designed his engine to run on peanut oil? Maybe the US has not seen the light yet because they are mostly engaged in the growing of food crops and oils like soybean oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, and peanut oil. All these oils are edible and thus fetch high prices. After all, why should US farmers grow a completely inedible plant!? Used cooking oil is great for the "do it yourself" enthusiast, but there is not enough supply of used cooking oil to supply a whole nation.

This is where Jatropha comes in... Jatropha has the following benefits when looked at from the fuel production angle:

• it costs almost nothing to grow
• it is drought resistant
• it can be grown almost anywhere - even in sandy, saline, or otherwise infertile soil
• it is easy to propogate (a cutting simply pushed into the ground will take root)
• it is not invasive, or spreading, or damaging like kudzu
• it is capable of stabilizing sand dunes, acting as a windbreak, and combatting desertification
• it naturally repels both animals and insects
• it lives for over 50 years producing seeds all the time
• it is frost hardy
• it does not exhaust the nutrients in the land
• it does not require expensive crop rotation
• it does not require fertilizers
• it grows quickly and establishes itself easily
• it has a high yield (Jatropha can yield about 1,000 barrels of oil per year per square mile - oil content of the seed is 55-60%)
• no displacement of food crops is necessary
• it is great for developing countries in terms of energy and jobs
• the biodiesel byproduct, glycerine, is profitable in itself
• the waste plant mass after oil extraction can be used as a fertilizer
• the plant itself recycles 100% of the CO2 emissions produced by burning the biodiesel

That's a whole lot of benefit with little or no disadvantages!

The European Union biofuels directive requires a minimum level of biofuels as a proportion of fuels sold in the European Union of 2% by 2005, 5.75% by 2010 and 20% by 2020. The main green fuels will be ethanol and biodiesel, and demand for biodiesel is expected to be up to 10.5 billion litres just in European countries by 2010.
Folks... this "biodiesel" thing is going to happen whether you like it or not! We know there are a lot of farmers, entrepreneurs, and investors reading this who can cash in on this biodiesl craze. They are already doing it big time in Europe so it's just a matter of time before it happens here. And by "it", I mean using Jatropha to make biodiesel. This industry will grow very quickly - start planting Jatropha TODAY and then start making biodiesel to generate your own electricity!

We will soon update the free biodiesel book and the electricity book with the following new information:

1) Some people ask about what kind of engine one needs to use biodiesel... basically, biodiesel will run in any diesel engine unmodified. Biodiesel is a solvent, so if you put it in an old tank or use it with a diesel engine that has been running regular diesel, it may clean and dissolve some "residues" and then the residues will clog your fuel filter. Changing the filter often when you first start using biodiesel usually fixes this problem.

2) The only other problem one might have is with rubber gaskets and hoses in vehicles made before 1992. The biodiesel may degrade these types of rubber and they may need replacing after a while. Newer engines have been modified to stand up to the newer blends of diesel fuel that have been in use since 1992 and these engines will work fine with biodiesel.

For more info check out www.biodieselmake.com

Benefits of using biogas

What is biogas.

Biogas originates from bacteria in the process of bio-degradation of organic material under anaerobic (without air) conditions. In the absence of oxygen, anaerobic bacteria decompose organic matter and produce a gas mainly composed of methane (60%) and carbon dioxide called biogas. This gas can be compared to natural gas which is 99% methane.

Biogas collected can be used directly to power a cooking stove or as energy source for generators, boilers, burners, dryers or any equipment using propane, gas or diesel.

Biogas and the global carbon cycle.
Each year some 590-880 million tons of methane are released worldwide into the atmosphere through microbial activity. About 90% of the emitted methane derives from biogenic sources, i.e. from the decomposition of biomass. The remainder is of fossil origin (e.g. petrochemical processes). In the northern hemisphere, the present tropospheric methane concentration amounts to about 1.65 ppm(parts per million).

Unlike fossil fuel combustion, biogas production from biomass is considered CO2 neutral and therefore does not emit additional Greenhouse Gases (GHG) into the atmosphere.

However, if biogas is not recovered properly, it will contribute to a GHG effect 20 times worst than if methane is simply combusted. Therefore, there is a real incentive to transfer biogas combustion energy into heat and/or electricity.

Finally, biogas production from anaerobic digester presents the additional advantage of treating organic waste and reducing the environmental impact of these wastes. It contributes to a better image of the farming community while reducing odor, pathogens and weeds from the manure and producing an enhance fertilizer easily assimilated by plants.

The Benefits of Biogas :

A Polythene Biogas unit can yield a whole range of benefits for their users, the society and the environment in general, the chief benefits being;

1. Production of energy (heat, light, electricity).
2. Transformation of organic wastes into high quality fertilizer.
3. Improvement of hygienic conditions through reduction of pathogens, worm eggs and flies.
4. Reduction of workload, mainly for women, in firewood collection and cooking.
5. Environmental advantages through protection of forests, soil, water and air.
6. Global Environmental Benefits of Biogas Technology.

Road to Dukura range.

The road to Chandanchaturi village in dukura range, similipal. There is about 20 Km of country road after the link road that has to be traversed to reach the site.

With the beneficiary after the installation of the second biogas unit. 

Fixing the safety valve

The gas pressure safety valve is being fixed and the process is explained to the beneficiary. 

After the installations

The beneficiary, his family and the onlookers after the installation of the PBG unit. 

Gas Connections

The gas pipe brings the gas from the digester to the kitchen. Most of the gas wil be used for cooking. However, when the gas is not being used, it is stored inside th kitchen to be used later. 

First exposure to a gas stove

This was the first time the beneficiary had seen a gas stove. All her life she has been cooking on firewood "chulhas". At first, she was worried as she thought that this is an electric stove and wanted to know where the wires would be fitted. After we demostrated the functioning of the stove and explained to her that it runs on gas created by cowdung, she was all smiles.
Although it will take some time before the full gas pressure forms for optimal usage..we were very happy that the process had begun.

WWF & Greenpower

Michael Peters (WWF-Orissa) and Chandan( Greenpower) explain the benefits and the methods for utilizing the manure from the digester as a fertilizer. 

Backyard of the beneficiary

The picture shows the biogas digester installed in the backyard and the window of the kitchen where the burner is installed. The distance between the digester and the kitchen is around 50 feet. In the background are the Similipal hills. 

Fixing the gas connection

Chandan, from Greenpower India fixes the connections for the gas pipeline, & the beneficiaries help him out.

Mass fishing !

Mass fishing underway at a village near Chandanchaturi. Each guy pays less than half a dollar and can fish for a stipulated time. By the time this is over, the small pond is fished clean of anything that is edible !

Outlet of the digester

This is the outlet of the digester. The manure that comes out is a good quality organic fertilizer and brings additional benefit to the beneficiary, apart from the biogas which is used as fuel.

Biogas digester.

Polythene biogas digester installed at Chandanchaturi village in Orissa. These biogas units are 10m long and 1m in diameter. The gas that is produced here(methane) is transported to the kitchen of the beneficiary, where it is stored in a polythene reservoir. This facilitates the use of gas as fuel anytime during the day or night.

A women carries her daily requirement of firewood from the similipal hills. This dependence can be reduced by providing them with alternative green fuel solutions like the bio gas system. 

This is a tribal kitchen supplied with biogas. The biogas is produced by the polythene bio gas digester installed outside their kitchen. The biogas digester is supplied with animal manure that the beneficiary collects from his livestock. Biogas is a clean, green fuel. It improves the health of people using it as it does not produce smoke or soot. It also reduces the greenhouse effect by digesting the manure in an anaerobic(without oxygen) condition. The by-product of the bio gas unit is very high quality fertilizer, which is used by the locals to suppliment their farming needs. 

A typical kitchen in a tribal household. Conventional kitchens use firewood for cooking which produce lot of smoke and soot. It directly affects the lungs and the eyes of people in the kitchen. Women and the children are the worst affected, as they spend most of the time in the vicinity of the kitchen. It also increases the greenhouse effect on the global level, and depletes the forest resources, as the firewood comes from the adjoining forest. 

A fully functional polythene gas unit. The roofing is provided by local tribal beneficiary using local material. The fencing is made by bamboo sticks which also support the roof. 

Road to Chandanchaturi

 

Unit 2

Installation of polythene biogas digester at the second beneficiaries site.

 

Beneficiaries of Unit 1

I ask not for a lighter burden, but for broader shoulders.

 

Cute little pups..

Smart noses...they smelled a chocolate on me..and the color of my trousers must have egged them on(though they are color blind)..guys,why dont u pick someone your size!

 

Tribal motif

A simple motif made from mud plaster and powdered rice paste. It depicts the godess of wealth( Laxmi) walking in the household, staying there, blessing them, and moving on..

 

Sun sets down ...

The sunset as seen from Chandanchaturi village...on a chilly, foggy evening. Revitalizing sight after a long haul ! 

Location of the installation sites

 

GPC and GPI

Beneficieries with the benefactors banner next to the Biogas plant installed by GreenPower Canada and Greenpower India along with WWF,Orissa and MBR, Baripada. 

Beneficiaries Family with Mr.Samir of MBR